The title given to research students from 1897 to 1913. Advanced students could proceed to the degree of BA or of LLB either by means of tripos examinations or by means of certificates of research. From 1913 the route via tripos examinations was closed, and the students became known as research students. Lists of advanced and research students receiving certificates of research from 1897 to 1920 are to be found in The Historical Register, Supp. 1, 49-52.